Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis ( pink or red eye )
Conjunctiva is the white part of the eye around the cornea . The visible part of conjunctiva extends up and down and reflects forwards to cover the back surface of the eyelids, which c n only bese n if one everts the upper or pulls down the lower eyelid . The blood vessels of the conjunctiva are easily visible .
Congestion , inflammation or infection of this covering of the front of the eyes is called conjunctivitis. The eye will look red due to the engorgement of the blood vessels in these conditions.
There are different situations that can cause conjunctivitis :
1 – Red eyes due to irritants or allergenic eye drops , e.g. pressure -lowering eye drops used in the treatment of glaucoma , some preservative agents in the eye drops , some therapeutic eye drops ( penicillin, sulfacetamide, anesthetics, neomycin, tobramycine, anti – viral eye drops , ) and contact lenses can cause this occasionally .
2 – Contact lenses can also cause a different type of conjunctivitis with small or giant papillae, redness , itching and small ( punctate ) stain in the cornea . The condition is called Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis, which occurs in contact lens weae rs . The eyes are irritable , sandy and at the back surface of the eyelids there are numerous large papillae ( tuft of blood vessels and fibru s tissue , giving the surface of the conjunctiva a cobble- stone look ). The best remedy for this is discontinuation of contact lens wear , or discarding the lenses after few months to try a contact lens made of different material.
3 – Ultra – violet light causes conjunctival congestion ( red eye ), severe irrita tion, sensitivity to light and discomfort to the point where patients have difficlty in keeping their eyes open . That is the reason sunglasses with U. V. protection should be worn when skiing where U V light exists much more in the atmosphere .
4 – Many different bacteria can cause infectious conjunctivitis . This type of condition can be act e, running a short course or become chronic i f not treated . Irritation , redness and discharge are the usual signs . If the condition is severe , it may be necessary to take cultures of the discharge to determine th e causative organism inorder to select the proper anti - biotic with potent effect on that bacteria . In case of gonococcal ( bacteria causing gonorrhea ) or meningococcal in fection, systemic anti – biotics should also be administerred in addition to eye drops to prevent serious damage to the cornea and vision loss
Occasionally chlamydia infection can be associated with gonorrheal conjun ctivitis , therefore the treatment for this infection should be added to the
regimen .
5 – Chlamydial conjunctivitis : Chlamydia are organisms between viruses and bacteria in their biological development , and unlike viruses, some anti – biotics are effective in treating them . There are different kinds of chlamydia that cause trachoma , inclusion conjunctivitis and genital infection. Newborn babies can get infected while passing through the birth canal if the mother has genital chlamydial infection. The eye infection presents as conjunctival redness, some discharge, follicles and enlarged lymphnods in front of the ears . Inadequately chlorinated swimming pools are a source of this eye infection as well. Chlamydia occasionally infect the cornea, causing keratitis with vascular invasion onto the infected area . Tetracyclins are effective in treating this kind of infection .
Viral conjunctivitis . Some viruses cause infection of conjunctiva , of which the most commons are adeno – virus , herpes simplex ( ocular and genital ) and herpes zoster ( shingles ) .
Adenovius is the most common viral conjunctivitis ( pink eye ) . Differen t types of adenoviruses cause different type of conjunctival infection with different presenting features . Artificial tear eye drops , antihistamine drops , mild steriod eye drops and antibiotics are the drugs commonly used by eye doctors in these situations .
Herpes simplex (labial , ocular orgenital ) infects conjunctiva and cornea . The involvement of cornea is very serious because of its treat to the vision from opacity and scarring left on it.. The conjunctival infection is in the form of congestion , itching, photo phobia . Also lymph nodes in front of the ears may become enlarged . Herpes zoster gives rather the same picture as herpes simplex except coreal involment is less common and milder. Anti-viral oral medication and eye drops should be used in the management of herpetic corneal infection . Steroids, which can be beneficial adjunct to the treatment and restoring the viosion, should be used with caution and under frquent supervision by the eye doctor, to monitor the possible increase in intra-ocular pressure and effect on the cornea. 6 – Allergic conjunctivitis . These can be of many diffr ent forms .
A – Vernal conjunctivitis involves cornea and conjunctiva and occurs mostly in warm season; it lasts many years and men are more likely to have it . Severe itching , ropy discharge , conjunctival congestion and large papillae are the preseting scenario . The expsed part of conjunctiva and / or conjunciva at the back surface of the eye lids are affected . The best remedy for this condition is mild steroid eye drops , but the eye pressure should be checked periodically since there is a chance of increase in the pressure of the eye and if not noticed and the therapy lasts for enough a long time , the patient may develop steroid-induced glaucoma . Since this type of conjunctivitis happens at young age ( children and young adults ), it would be unfortunate to have glaucoma caused by the traetment, which would have been preventable by taking the eye pressure frequently and switch to a different treatment modality. B – Giant papillary conjunctivitis . This condition is already discussed.
C – Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis . This type is as ociated with some seasonal allergic conditions like hay fever, allergic running nose . The eye is congested and itchy . Anti-histamines are effective in controlling the symptoms .
D – Superior limbic ( conjunctiva ) conjunctivitis . Seen mostly in women with thyroid disease . Upper part of the conjunctiva above the cornea is inflamed , red with engorged blood vessels that encroach onto the upper part of the cornea too . The eye is very irritated and uncomfortable. Contact lens wearing can also cause this problem . For treatment application of silver nitrate , cautr y to or incision of the blood vessels of the area has been of some success in treating this condition.